Complicación orbitaria recurrente por rinosinusitis. Reporte de un caso / Recurrent orbital complication by rhinosinusitis. A case report

El compromiso orbitario es la complicación más frecuente de la rinosinusitis aguda en pediatría, y el etmoides es el seno más afectado. La recurrencia es infrecuente. Existen solo tres casos publicados en la literatura. Una anomalía anatómica del proceso unciforme o un mucocele podrían ser factores predisponentes, que pueden obstruir el drenaje normal de los senos junto con la presencia de etmoiditis.La tomografía computada y la resonancia magnética orientan el diagnóstico. El tratamiento quirúrgico está indicado ante la falta de respuesta al tratamiento instaurado luego de 48 horas o disminución de la agudeza visual o recurrencias sin patología tumoral de base.Se presenta a un paciente de 4 años de edad que consultó por un cuadro compatible con etmoiditis complicada recurrente. Presentó celulitis preseptal en seis oportunidades y un episodio de absceso subperióstico, desde los 3 meses de edad. Evolucionó favorablemente luego de la operación quirúrgica.

Orbital infection is the most frequent complication of ethmoiditis. Recurrent periorbital cellulitis is a very rare complication of rhinosinusitis with only three reports in the literature describing this pathological process.This complication can be favored by an anatomical abnormality of the uncinate process or mucocele obstructing the normal drainage pathway, in addition to ethmoidal sinusitis.Computed tomography and magnetic resonance guide the diagnosis. The treatment is based on antibiotics, corticosteroids and local decongestants. Surgical treatment is indicated in the absence of response to treatment established after 48 hours or decrease in visual acuity or recurrent orbital complications without underlying tumor pathology. In this report, we present a case of orbital complication of rhinosinusitis in a 4 year-old-child with six episodes of unilateral periorbital cellulitis and one episode of subperiosteal orbital abscess since the age of 3 months. There was a complete resolution with no recurrence after the surgical intervention

Treatment of Rhino-Orbito-Cerebral Aspergillosis with Combination of Amphotericin, Posaconazole and Amphotericin Irrigation: A Case Report

PURPOSE: To report a case of rhino-orbito-cerebral aspergillosis successfully treated with a combination of amphotericin B, posaconazole and amphotericin B irrigation. CASE SUMMARY: A 59-year-old male with hypertension, diabetes mellitus and hyperlipidemia was admitted to our neurology department for left facial paresthesia, pain and consulted to ophthalmology for left eyeball pain. His visual acuity was no light perception in the left eye, and fundus examination showed papilledema and a cherry-red spot. Left exophthalmos and complete ptosis with ophthalmoplegia were also observed. Orbital computed tomography revealed left maxillary and ethmoid sinusitis, and nasal endoscopic examination revealed a black eschar adjacent to the middle turbinate. Subsequent biopsy suggested mucormycosis. The patient was immediately treated with a combination of amphotericin B and posaconazole. In addition, left endoscopic sinus surgery was performed and aspergillosis was histopathologically confirmed. The patient underwent amphotericin B irrigation for 5 days after canula insertion up to orbital apex. The patient survived for 18 months and is still alive. CONCLUSIONS: A combination of amphotericin B, posaconazole and amphotericin B irrigation using the canula through the orbital apex may be helpful in treating patients with rhino-orbito-cerebral aspergillosis who refuse orbital exenteration.

A Case of Actinomycosis of an Orbital Subperiosteal Abscess in a Patient with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus / 임상당뇨병

Orbital and paranasal actinomycosis have not been commonly reported. We report a case of this uncommon infection, which was improved after endonasal endoscopic drainage and antibiotics. A 53-year-old woman with type 2 diabetes mellitus complained of inability to lift her right upper eyelid and painful swelling over the preceding two days. Broad-spectrum antibiotics did not resolve her lesion. In ophthalmic examination, decreased visual acuity, upper and medial gaze limitation, and a relative afferent pupillary defect of her right eye were observed. Computed tomography of the orbit showed aggravated orbital cellulitis, preseptal cellulitis, subperiosteal abscess, and maxillary and ethmoid sinusitis. After endonasal endoscopic drainage and systemic antibiotics, her clinical symptoms dramatically improved. Microbiological analysis of the maxillary excisional biopsy showed Actinomycosis. This case is of interest due to the rare orbital presentation of actinomycosis infection and the importance of appropriate surgical drainage and long-term antibiotics treatment in such cases. Because delayed diagnosis and treatment of rhino-orbital actinomycosis can cause permanent vision loss or intracranial abscess, it requires careful clinical attention.

Etmoiditis complicada con celulitis orbitaria en un lactante / Complicated ethmoiditis with orbital cellulitis in a nursling

Se define la etmoiditis como la inflamación e infección de la mucosa de las celdas etmoidales. Se diagnostica clínicamente con la presencia de edema en el ángulo medial del ojo, que se extiende a las estructuras adyacentes. Estudios imagenológicos son necesarios para verificar la presencia de complicaciones, entre las que se citan el absceso orbitario, subperióstico, epidural, subdural, cerebral, tromboflebitis del seno cavernoso, meningoencefalitis y la muerte del paciente. Streptococcus pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus y Haemophilus influenzae son microorganismos frecuentemente responsables de este cuadro. Las complicaciones orbitarias en las etmoiditis, necesitan el diagnóstico y tratamiento precoz para evitar secuelas irreversibles. Se presenta el caso de un lactante masculino, de 1 mes y 26 días de nacido, que ingresa con fiebre, rinorrea serosa y rechazo al alimento. Evolutivamente se constata marcada obstrucción nasal, edema periorbitario izquierdo, rubor, calor, protrusión del globo ocular e irritabilidad, y se diagnostica etmoiditis complicada con celulitis orbitaria. Se realiza tomografía axial computarizada que informa seno etmoidal izquierdo ocupado por contenido de densidad líquida con celularidad (15-25 UH), engrosamiento de partes blandas de la pared interna de la órbita que abomba, comprime y desplaza la musculatura orbitaria, y se extiende al párpado y al ala izquierda de la nariz desviando tabique blando; así como ligera proptosis, y disminución de la densidad ósea de la pared interna de la cavidad orbitaria. Se toma muestra para cultivo y se aísla Staphylococcus aureus meticillin resistente. Se comentan los elementos diagnósticos y su tratamiento, con el objetivo de llamar la atención de los pediatras para lograr el diagnóstico y tratamiento oportuno.

Ethmoiditis is the inflammation and infection of the ethmoidal cell mucus. It is clinically diagnosed after observing edema in the medial angle of the eye extending into the adjacent structures. Imaging studies are required to verify complications such as orbital, subperiostic, epidural, subdural, cerebral abscess; thrombophlebitis of the cavernous sinus, meningoencephalitis and finally death of the patient. Streptococcus pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus and Haemophilus influenzae are frequently responsible for this health picture. The orbital complications seen in ethmoiditis require early diagnosis and treatment to avoid irreversible sequelae. This is the case of a male nursling aged one month and 26 days, who was admitted to the hospital with fever, rhinorrea serosa and rejection to feeding. As his condition progresses, it was observed that he presented with marked nasal obstruction, left periorbital edema, blushing, heat, eyeball protusion and irritability. He was finally diagnosed as complicated ethmoiditis with orbital cellulitis case. Computer axial tomography revealed left ethmoidal sinus filled with fluid content having cellularity rate of 15-25 UH, thickening of soft parts of the internal wall of the orbit that juts out, compresses and shifts the orbital musculature and extends into the eyebrow and to the left wing of the nose, thus deviating the soft septum in addition to slight proptosis and reduction of the bone density of the internal wall of the orbital cavity. A sample was taken for culturing, which resulted in isolation of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. The diagnostic elements and the treatment of this disease were explained in order to call the pediatricians´attention to timely diagnose and treat these patients.

Sinocutaneous Fistula Induced by Long-Standing, Retained, Non-Absorbable Nasal Packing in The Paranasal Sinus

Orbital complications after endoscopic sinus surgery (ESS), such as optic nerve or medial rectus injuries, are well known, but isolated complete oculomotor nerve palsy has never been reported. In this case, a 31-year-old male was transferred to our hospital after ESS. Physical examination showed complete left oculomotor nerve palsy, with a bony defect on the sellar floor, which had not fully recovered after more than 1 year. We hypothesized that blunt trauma could be the main cause of the oculomotor palsy. Surgeons performing ESS must keep in mind the possibility of oculomotor palsy due to blunt trauma, especially when operating around the sphenoid and posterior ethmoid sinus.

Clinical and surgical treatment of secondary orbital abscess in ethmoidal sinusitis / Tratamento clínico e cirúrgico de abscesso orbital secundário a sinusite etmoidal

The authors report the case of na eighteen years old patient with a clinical picture of orbital abscess caused by ethmoid sinusitis. The decision for surgical intervention results from correlation between clinical findings and from the image diagnosis.

Relato de um caso de uma paciente de 18 anos com um quadro clinico de abscesso orbital causado por sinusite etmoidal. A decisão pela intervenção cirúrgica resultou da correlação entre achados clínicos e do diagnóstico dos exames de imagem.

Diagnosis and management of the acute attack of sphenoid and ethmoid fungal ball sinusitis / 临床耳鼻咽喉头颈外科杂志

OBJECTIVE@#To improve the diagnosis and treatment of the acute attack of sphenoid and ethmoid fungal ball sinusitis based on the analysis of clinical features.@*METHOD@#Eighteen patients with sphenoid and ethmoid fungal ball sinusitis were reviewed, and the main symptoms included headache and fever during acute attack. Endoscopy, nasal CT and MRI can provide useful information for diagnosis. Endoscopic sinus surgery was performed on thirteen patients after drug therapy, while the other 5 patients chose conservative therapy.@*RESULT@#The pathological examination confirmed the fungal lesions and the 13 patients had a good recovery. The result of CT and MRI scanning had a good accordance with the intra-operative findings. One patient receiving conservative treatment had acute attack again 2.5 months later, and antibiotics and topical nasal drugs improved the symptoms.@*CONCLUSION@#Clinical presentation and radiological imaging contribute to the differential diagnosis of the acute attack of sphenoid and ethmoid fungal ball sinusitis, then the targeted therapy can be taken.

Rapidly Progressive Rhino-orbito-cerebral Mucormycosis Complicated with Unilateral Internal Carotid Artery Occlusion: A Case Report / 신경중재치료의학

Rhinocerebral mucormycosis is an acute fulminant opportunistic fungal infection usually seen in diabetic or immunocompromised patients. The fungi that cause mucormycosis inoculate the nasal mucosa and may spread to the paranasal sinuses, orbit, and brain. Our patient initially presented with mild ethmoid sinusitis. At that time, brain MRI and contrast-enhanced MR angiography were grossly normal. However, aggravation of sinusitis with extension to the right orbit and anterior cranial fossa rapidly developed within two months. Moreover, an occlusion of the right internal carotid artery was combined. We report a case of a pathologically-proven rhino-orbital-cerebral mucormycosis with serial follow-up imaging for over one year.

Biofilmes: causa del manejo refractario de la rinosinusitis crónica / Biofilms causing the refractory management in chronic rhinosinusitis

Introducción: Aunque muchos pacientes con rinosinusitis crónica (RSC) mejoran luego del tratamiento médico o quirúrgico, existe una subpoblación que la padece y en la que se torna recalcitrante. Esta inflamación persistente es compatible con el perfil de una infección por biofilmes. Objetivos: Ha habido un interés creciente en el estudio de biofilmes como factor principal en las infecciones crónicas. El propósito de este artículo es revisar la literatura disponible sobre rinosinusitis crónica y biofilmes. Metodología: Revisión de la literatura pertinente que se obtuvo con la búsqueda selectiva de las siguientes bases de datos: Science Direct, Pubmed y Scielo. Se realizó búsqueda entre los años 2000 y 2012. Se analizaron los resúmenes y se escogieron los textos completos que trataban sobre biofilmes y rinosinusitis crónica. Resultados: Se revisaron 34 artículos completos que se ajustaban a las exigencias de los objetivos. La evidencia científica actual relaciona los biofilmes con el desarrollo y la persistencia de la enfermedad rinosinusal crónica, con la presencia de pólipos y con pobres resultados posquirúrgicos. Conclusiones: Aun cuando la evidencia parece ser convincente en cuanto al papel de los biofilmes en la rinosinusitis crónica, todavía se necesitan estudios acerca de por qué algunos pacientes forman biofilmes, qué causas aceleran su formación, cómo prevenirlos y cómo tratarlos..…

Introduction: Although many patients with chronic rinosinusitis (CRS) improve after medical or surgical treatment there is a subpopulation of patients with recalcitrant CRS. The persistence of chronic rhinosinusitis is compatible with the profile of a biofilm infection. Objectives: Recently, there has been increased interest in bacterial biofilms as a major factor in chronic infections. The purpose of this review is to summarize the literature available on chronic rhinosinusitis and biofilms. Methods: Review of relevant literature was made through a selective search of the following databases: SciELO, Science Direct. Our search was conducted from 2000 to 2012. We reviewed abstracts then obtained the complete papers for in-depth review. Results: We reviewed 34 papers that fit our objectives. Current scientific evidence favors hypotheses postulated to relate biofilms with the persistence of chronic rhinosinusitis, the development of nasal polyposis, and poor postoperative results. Conclusions: Although the evidence seems to be convincing about the role of biofilms in chronic rhinosinusitis, many studies are lacking on why do some patients form biofilms, what triggers biofilm formation, how can we prevent them from forming and how to treat them…

[Prevalence of infraorbital ethmoid air cell on panoramic radiographs]

Presence of Haller cells with or without disease can narrow the ethmoid infundibulum or ostium of maxillary antrum and result in persistent rhinosinusitis, recurrent sinusitis, and other clinical symptoms, so detection of haller cells in common panoramic radiographs can be useful in diagnosis of the origin of these problems. The purpose of the present study was to determine the prevalence of infraorbital ethmoid cells on panoramic radiographs. Panoramic radiographs of 310 patients were evaluated according to the method of Ahmad et al. to detect infraorbital ethmoid cells. A well defined radiolucency was located medial to infraorbital foramen, wherever most of its border was visible and caused lack of cortication in inferior border of the orbit in the superimposition areas, was interpreted as infraorbital ethmoid cell. The radiographs were interpreted by three observers. the data were analyzed by Binary logistic regression test in SPSS software. Data from 310 panoramic radiographs were analyzed. 37% of radiographs were interpreted as to show infraorbital ethmoid cells. Infraorbital ethmoid cell might be considered as a quite common anatomic landmark, visible on panoramic radiographs. From a clinical point of view, this may be of diagnostic importance, because it has been stated that detection of haller cells may lead to detection of the origin of a number of sinus problems

A importância da investigação de variações anatômicas das células etmoidais através da tomografia computadorizada no planejamentoda cirurgia endoscópica nasal: [revisão] / The importance of investigation of anatomic variations in the ethmoid cells by computerized tomography in the planning of endoscopic nasal surgery: [review]

As células etmoidais compreendem diversas cavidades que podem apresentar variações anatômicasnos indivíduos. Algumas variações merecem atenção quando associadas a sinusopatias e à necessidade de intervenção cirúrgica. A tomografia computadorizada, considerada padrão-ouro na investigação de doenças da cavidade nasal e no mapeamento anatômico dos seios paranasais, oferece informações acerca da anatomia das células etmoidais, essenciais para a minimização dos riscos cirúrgicos. O presente trabalho tem o objetivo de, mediante revisão bibliográfica, avaliar aimportância da tomografia computadorizada na investigação de variações anatômicas das célulasetmoidais para o planejamento pré-cirúrgico. Células não recorrentes, como as células de Haller, célula de Onodi e a aeração do agger nasi, permitem que a abordagem endoscópica seja planejada com cautela. A avaliação do teto etmoidal resulta em maior segurança quanto aos limites superiores da fossa nasal. O tamanho e o nível de pneumatização da bolha etmoidal, da crista etmoidal e da concha nasal média são importantes ao se avaliar os acessos endoscópicos, a gravidade dadoença, e até mesmo sua origem.

The ethmoidal cells comprise many cavities that show many anatomicalvariations. Some of these variations deserve special attention when associated with sinusitis and the need of surgery. Computed tomography, considered a gold standard on the pathological investigation of the nasal cavity and the anatomic descriptionof paranasal sinus, offers informations about these cells, essential to minimize the surgical risks. The authors present a bibliographic revision of the importance of computed tomography on the investigation of anatomic variations of ethmoid cells. Not recurrent cells in all individuals, like Haller's cells, Onodi's cells and pneumatization of agger nasi, will do the endoscopic approach withprecaution. The ethmoidal roof evaluation will result in more safetyon the upper limits of the nasal cavity. The size and pneumatization level of ethmoidal bulla, ethmoidal crest, and middle nasal concha are important on the evaluation of the endoscopic accesses and the gravity of the striked pathology and even diagnose your origin.

Clinical observation for the management of chronic hypertrophic rhinitis by endoscopic ethmoid and maxillary surgery / 临床耳鼻咽喉头颈外科杂志

OBJECTIVE@#To evaluate the therapeutic effect of endoscopic ethmoid and maxillary surgery on chronic hypertrophic rhinitis.@*METHOD@#A total of 54 cases of chronic hypertrophic rhinitis were treated by endoscopic ethmoid and maxillary surgery between 2003 and 2004, undergoing postoperative follow-up of more than one year. Age of patients ranged from 17 to 60 years, with a mean of 35 years. All of them were identified with nasal endoscopy and CT before surgery.@*RESULT@#Fifty (92.59%) of 54 cases showed their nasal obstruction symptoms were relieved completely or improved significantly, with nearly normal infraturbinal appearance.@*CONCLUSION@#Endoscopic ethmoid and maxillary surgery is an effective approach for the treatment of chronic hypertrophic rhinitis, with good preservations of infraturbinal structure and function.

Rinitis Alergica severa con compromiso etmoidal en pacientes con rayos X de senos paranasales normales / Severe allergic rhinitis with ethmoidal involvement in patients with normal paranasal X-rays

Se seleccionaron 200 pacientes con diagnóstico clínico de rinitis alérgica; con hipertrofia de cornetesinferiores que no habían mostrado mejoría clínica con manejos médicos convencionales (antihistamínicos, esteroides tópicos, infiltraciones). Tenían una placa de rayos X de senos paranasales reportada como normal y cifras de inmunoglobulina E elevadasSe les realizó turbinoplastia o turbinectomía inferior bilateral, y durante el mismo procedimiento sepracticó etmoidectomía anterior bilateral, buscando evaluar el impacto y la asociación de la patologíade base con el compromiso del seno paranasal más expuesto a factores medioambientales en pacientesasintomáticos de clínica de sinusopatía. Se encontraron 143 pacientes (71,5 por ciento) con lesiones polipoideas,35 pacientes (17,5 por ciento) con hipertrofia de mucosa y 22 pacientes (11,6 por ciento) normales.

Anterior ethmoidal artery, a surgical and radiological study

Anterior ethmoidal artery [AEA] has a great clinical and surgical importance. It is a particularly important landmark for the fovea ethmoidalis and the base of the anterior cranial fossa. It is a possible sight of traumatic or intraoperative bleeding. Accurate localization of the anterior ethmoidal canal [AEC] and anterior ethmoidal artery [AEA] both radiologically and surgically and their relation to nasal lamellas and skull base in order to avoid the serious complications that might happen after violation of the canal or the artery. 50 patients diagnosed to have chronic rhinosinusitis [CRS] with or without sinonasal polyposis were selected. All the cases were subjected to: a] preoperative computerized tomography. b] operative intervension in the form of endoscopic sinus surgery [ESS], with dissection of the roof of the ethmoid sinuses for indentification of the anterior ethmoidal canal [AEC]. Radiological evaluation was done by axial, helical thin cuts and reconstructed saggital views, while assessment during surgery was encountered after direct endoscopic visualisation, using palpation with a probe and simple ruler measurements. Twelve patients had ESS performed on one side and 38 patients ESS on both sides. Thereby, a total of 88 AEC identifications were performed. In all dissections the AEC and AEA were successfully identified surgically and radiologically. On comparing surgical and radiological localization of the AEC in relation to the lamellas, it was found that the location of the AEC was the same in 86 dissections, while not in 2 dissections. AEC was positioned inside the skull base without bony defects in 82 dissections, and in 6 dissections, 2mm below the skull base, connected to it by a mesentry. Endoscopic localization of the AEC during surgery and the results of CT imaging were comparable. It was found that the AEA, the anterior turbinate axilla and the superomedial edge of the nostril were in a straight line. This finding was extremely helpful in the endoscopic search for the AEA

Nontraumatic Subperiosteal Orbital Hematoma Associated with Ethmoid Sinusitis: A Case Report

Subperiosteal hematoma of the orbit is a rare disease and most of the cases occur in young adult males as a result of direct facial or orbital trauma. In the absence of direct facial or orbital trauma, nontranmatic subperiosteal orbital hematoma has rarely been reported in association with a sudden elevation of cranial venous pressure or venous congestion, systemic diseases associated with a bleeding diathesis and paranasal sinusitis. We report here on a rare case of subperiosteal orbital hematoma associated with ethmoid sinusitis, as was seen on CT imaging.

Microbiologia dos seios maxilar e etmoidal em pacientes com rinossinusite crônica submetidos à cirurgia funcional endoscópica dos seios paranasais / Microbiology of the maxillary and ethmoid sinuses in patients with chronic rhinosinusitis submitted to functional endoscopic sinus surgery

Estudos da microbiologia da rinossinusite crônica mostram a presença de microorganismos aeróbicos, anaeróbicos, fungos e vírus e sua incidência varia de acordo com cada estudo. Estes estudos nos guiam para a escolha do antimicrobiano mais adequado para eliminar o processo infeccioso, ajudando a restaurar a mucosa nasossinusal. FORMA DE ESTUDO: Clínico prospectivo. OBJETIVO: O objetivo deste trabalho foi estudar a microbiologia dos seios maxilar e/ou etmoidal de pacientes com rinossinusite crônica e com indicação de cirurgia funcional endoscópica dos seios paranasais. MATERIAIS E MÉTODOS: Durante a cirurgia coletamos, em 41 pacientes, secreção e/ou fragmento de mucosa dos seios maxilar e/ou etmoidal para realização de bacterioscopia, pesquisa direta de fungos, cultura para microorganismos aeróbios, anaeróbios e fungos. RESULTADOS: Identificou-se a presença de microorganismos aeróbios em 21 pacientes (51,2 por cento), anaeróbios em 16 (39 por cento) e fungos em 1 (2,4 por cento). Na população estudada, apenas em 12 (29,2 por cento) o microorganismo isolado foi considerado patogênico quando analisado junto à contagem semiquantitativa de leucócitos. O Staphylococcus coagulase-negativo e o Staphylococcus aureus foram os microorganismos mais freqüentes, em 5 (12,1 por cento) e em 4 pacientes (9,75 por cento) respectivamente. CONCLUSÃO: Este estudo revela que o Staphylococcus coagulase-negative e o Staphylococcus aureus foram os microorganismos mais freqüentes isolados nos pacientes com rinossinusite crônica.

Causes and revision endoscopic sinus surgery for recurrent sinusitis / 中南大学学报(医学版)

OBJECTIVE@#To investigate the causes of revision endoscopic sinus surgery (RESS), and to evaluate the clinical effect and experience of RESS in the patients with recurrent sinusitis.@*METHODS@#Before the revision surgery, 168 patients (225 sides) with recurrent sinusitis were examed by CT scans and nasal endoscopy. All patients were operated by revision endoscopic sinus surgery.@*RESULTS@#Among the 168 patients, 95 cases (121 sides) had incomplete middle turbinate, 51 cases (75 sides) had maxillary sinus ostium stenosis, 85 cases (117 sides) had nasal cavity adhesion, 48 cases (57 sides) had uncinate process residual, 38 cases (65 sides) had ethmoid hyperostosis, and 25 cases had nasal septum deviation. One hundred and six patients (134 sides) were cured, 40 patients (56 sides) were improved, useful 22 patients (35 sides) were ineffective.@*CONCLUSION@#The most common surgical causes of failures in endoscopic sinus surgery are the disease area remnant, nasal cavity adhesion, maxillary sinus ostium stenosis, uncinate process residual, ethmoid hyperostosis, and nasal septum deviation. Revision endoscopic sinus surgery is a useful way to treat recurrent sinusitis. Preoperative CT scan, correct choice of the anatomic marks of orientation and direction function are the key to operation successful.

Pediatric sinusitis:symptom profiles with associated atopic conditions.

INTRODUCTION: Sinusitis is a very common disease in childhood. Clinical manifestations in childhood sinusitis are different than in adult. Information in childhood sinusitis in Thailand is limited. We performed a prospective descriptive study to determine clinical characteristics of childhood sinusitis in Thailand MATERIAL AND METHOD: One hundred pediatric patients with clinical diagnosis of sinusitis attending pediatric allergy clinic, pediatric outpatient clinic, and pediatric ENT clinic were recruited. Clinical diagnosis was defined by presence of symptoms indicating upper respiratory infections with exudates at middle meatus by anterior rhinoscopy. Thorough history taking and physical examinations were conducted with findings recording into sinusitis questionnaire. Sinus radiographs were taken in 77 patients and were read blindly a single radiologist who was unaware of clinical conditions of patients. Allergy skin prick tests were performed with a panel of common aeroallergens in Thailand. RESULTS: Age range of the 100 patients were between 1.7 to 12.4 years with a mean (+/- SD) of 6 +/- 2.72 years. History of atopic disease among patients and their families was positive in 49% and 47% respectively. Four most common clinical manifestations were rhinorrhea (95%), nocturnal and productive cough (91%), nasal congestion (74%) and posterior nasal dripping (66%). The three most common signs were obstruction of middle meatus (100%), swelling of turbinates (92%) and granular pharynx (48%). All paranasal sinuses X-rays were abnormal with maxillary sinus being the most commonly involved sinus (99%) followed by ethmoid sinus (91%). The majority of patients had involvement of more than one sinus. Skin prick tests were positive in 53.6%. The two most common sensitizing allergens were dust mites (57.7) and cockroaches (18.6%). CONCLUSION: The presence of symptoms of rhinorrhea, cough, nasal congestion and posterior nasal drip should alert physicians for diagnosis of sinusitis in pediatric patients. Maxillary and ethmoid sinus were the most common sinuses involved. Atopic predisposition is present in up to 53.6% in this population.

Rinosinusitis Fúngica, relato de un caso y revisión de la literatura / Fungal rhinosinusitis, case report and literature review

La rinosinusitis fúngica es una entidad poco sospechosa. Se le ha clasificado en invasiva y no invasiva; cada una, con distinto criterio diagnóstico, tratamiento y pronóstico. Presentamos el caso clínico de una paciente femenina de 27 años que consulta por presentar rinosinusitis crónica refractaria a tratamientos repetidos. La TC SPN inicial revela velamiento integral del seno maxilar derecho con una imagen de mayor densidad radiológica en su interior, velamiento parcial de etmoides anterior, posterior y esfenoidal del mismo lado. Se inicio tratamiento clínico con antibioticoterápia descongestionantes nasales e irrigación nasal con lo que la paciente tuvo alivio sintomático parcial. Luego de dos meses y medio la TC SPN de control demuestra solo mejoría del seno esfenoidal, entonces, la paciente fue sometida a cirugía endoscópica nasal encontrando una mas amarillo - marrón en seno maxilar que fue extraida. El cultivo no reportó crecimiento de hongos. El diagnóstico final fue de un micetoma o bola fúngica en seno maxilar derecho más conchas medias bulosas. la paciente evolucionó sin complicaciones. Concluimos que el micetoma así como los otros tipos de RSF son entidades no tan raras como se cree y debe ser siempre considerada dentro de los diagnósticos diferenciales de todo proceso de RSC.

Fungal rhinosinusitis is a little suspicious entity. It has been classified as invasive and non-invasive; each, with different diagnostic criteria, treatment and prognosis. We present the clinical case of a 27-year-old female patient who consults for presenting chronic rhinosinusitis refractory to repeated treatments. The initial SPN CT reveals complete veiling of the right maxillary sinus with an image of higher radiological density inside, partial veiling of the anterior, posterior, and sphenoid ethmoids on the same side. Clinical treatment was started with nasal decongestant antibiotics and nasal irrigation, with which the patient had partial symptomatic relief. After two and a half months, the control SPN CT showed only improvement of the sphenoid sinus, so the patient underwent nasal endoscopic surgery, finding a more yellow-brown one in the maxillary sinus that was removed. The culture did not report fungal growth. The final diagnosis was a mycetoma or fungal ball in the right maxillary sinus plus bullous mid-shells. the patient evolved without complications. We conclude that the mycetoma as well as the other types of RSF are not so rare entities as it is believed and should always be considered within the differential diagnoses of any CSR process.

A Case of Systemic Vasculitis Presented as Fever of Unknown Origin

Fever of unknown origin (FUO) means fever that does not resolve spontaneously in the period expected for self-limited infection and whose cause cannot be ascertained despite considerable diagnostic efforts. We experienced a case of FUO associated with systemic vasculitis, which was diagnosed with clinical manifestation, radiographic findings, the presence of anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (ANCA), and renal biopsy. A 54-year-old female was admitted to our hospital with remittent fever of 3 months. A paranasal sinus (PNS) view revealed maxillary and ethmoidal sinusitis, and urine analysis showed microscopic hematuria. We performed a renal biopsy on the basis of positive ANCA and microscopic hematuria. The renal biopsy showed pauci-immune crescentic glomerulonephritis without granuloma, interstitial inflammation, and small vessel vasculitis. Under the diagnosis of ANCA-associated systemic vasculitis, she was treated with steroid and cyclophosphamide. She showed marked clinical improvement.